Estrategia fármaco-invasiva en el manejo del infarto agudo al miocardio con supradesnivel del ST / Pharmaco-invasive approach in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of 144 cases

BACKGROUND: In those patients who do not have timely access to primary angioplasty, the pharmaco-invasive approach, that is, the use of thrombolysis as a bridging measure prior to the coronary angiography, is a safe alternative. AIM: To describe the features of patients with an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with a pharmaco-invasive strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive observational study of 144 patients with mean age of 46 years with STEMI who received a dose of thrombolytic prior to their referral for primary angioplasty at a public hospital between 2018 and 2021. RESULTS: There were no differences the clinical presentation according to the Killip score at admission between thrombolyzed and non-thrombolyzed patients (p = ns). Fifty-three percent of non-thrombolyzed patients were admitted with an occluded vessel (TIMI 0) compared with 27% of thrombolyzed patients (p < 0.001). The thrombolyzed group required significantly less use of thromboaspiration (3.5 and 8.4% respectively; p = 0.014). Despite this, 91 and 92% of non-thrombolyzed and thrombolyzed patients achieved a post-angioplasty TIMI 3 flow. Long-term survival was 91 and 86% in thrombolyzed and non-thrombolyzed patients, respectively (p = ns). CONCLUSIONS: The pharmaco-invasive strategy is a safe alternative when compared to primary angioplasty in centers that don't have timely access to Interventional Cardiology.

Fatores que Impactam a Decisão de Realizar Ventriculografia Esquerda em Doença Arterial Coronariana / Factors That Impact the Decision to Perform Left Ventriculography in Coronary Artery Disease

Resumo Fundamento A ventriculografia esquerda é um método invasivo para avaliar a função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Depois do advento de métodos não invasivos, o seu uso tem sido questionado por resultar em algum risco para o paciente. Objetivos Avaliar quais fatores associam-se independentemente com a decisão de realizar ventriculografia em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana. Métodos Tratou-se de um estudo analítico, retrospectivo, avaliando prontuários eletrônicos e banco de dados e comparando 21 variáveis de interesse pré-definidas entre pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia. Foi considerado significante p < 0,05. Resultados Avaliamos 600 pacientes consecutivos, e a ventriculografia esquerda foi realizada na maioria dos pacientes submetidos a uma cineangiocoronariografia (54%). Depois da análise multivariada, os pacientes com síndromes coronarianas crônicas ( odds ratio [OR] 1,72; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%]: 1,20-2,46; p < 0,01) tiveram maior chance de serem submetidos ao procedimento. Os pacientes com função ventricular conhecida (OR = 0,58; IC 95%: 0,40-0,85; p < 0,01), os revascularizados (OR 0,31; IC 95% 0,14-0,69; p < 0,01), os hipertensos (OR 0,58; IC 95%: 0,36-0,94; p = 0,02) e aqueles com maiores valores de creatinina (OR 0,42; IC 95% 0,26-0,69; p < 0,01) tiveram maior chance de não realizar ventriculografia. Conclusões Nos pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia, o diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana crônica associou-se de modo independente com uma maior realização da técnica, enquanto ter a função ventricular previamente conhecida, ser hipertenso, ter sido submetido a revascularização cirúrgica prévia e ter valores de creatinina mais elevados associaram-se a uma maior chance de não realizar o método.

Abstract Background Left ventriculography is an invasive method for assessment of left ventricular systolic function. Since the advent of noninvasive methods, its use has been questioned, as it carries some risk to the patient. Objective To assess which factors are independently associated with the decision to perform ventriculography in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods Analytical, retrospective, database review study of electronic medical records comparing 21 predefined variables of interest among patients undergoing coronary angiography. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results We evaluated 600 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography. Left ventriculography was performed in the majority of cases (54%). After multivariate analysis, patients with chronic coronary syndrome (OR 1.72; 95% CI: 1.20-2.46; p < 0.01) were more likely to undergo the procedure. Patients with known ventricular function (OR 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40-0.85; p < 0.01); those with a history of CABG (OR 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14-0.69; p < 0.01) or hypertension (OR 0.58; 95% CI: 0.36-0.94; p = 0.02); and those with higher creatinine levels (OR 0.42; 95% CI: 0.26-0.69; p < 0.01) had greater odds of not undergoing ventriculography. Conclusions In patients undergoing coronary angiography, a diagnosis of chronic coronary syndrome was independently associated with greater likelihood of left ventriculography, while having previously determined ventricular function, a history of hypertension or CABG, and higher creatinine levels were associated with a decreased likelihood of undergoing this procedure.

Aterosclerosis en puente venoso aorto-coronario: hallazgos del OFDI: caso clínico / Findings of optical coherence tomography in saphenous grafts failure: report of one case

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of late saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure. Intracoronary images using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in addition to angiography allow a detailed analysis of the lesion beyond the degree of stenosis. We report a 67 years old diabetic male who underwent coronary surgery in 2009, consulting for an acute coronary syndrome. Angiography showed two different lesions on one aortocoronary venous grafts. OCT demonstrates atherosclerosis in different stages identifying the culprit lesion. Stent placement were successfully carried out.

Associação entre os Níveis Séricos de Elabela e Oclusão Total Crônica em Pacientes com Angina Pectoris Estável / Association Between Serum Elabela Levels and Chronic Totally Occlusion in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris

Resumo Fundamento: Os efeitos benéficos do elabela no sistema cardiovascular foram demonstrados em estudos. Objetivo: Comparar os níveis séricos de elabela de pacientes com oclusão total crônica (OTC) com pacientes controle com artérias coronárias normais e investigar se há correlação com o desenvolvimento colateral. Métodos: Estudo transversal e prospectivo. O estudo incluiu cinquenta pacientes (28,0% mulheres, idade média 61,6±7,3 anos) com OTC em pelo menos um vaso coronário e 50 pacientes (38% mulheres, idade média 60,7±6,38 anos) com artérias coronárias normais. Os pacientes do grupo OTC foram divididos em dois grupos: Rentrop 0-1, composto por pacientes com fraco desenvolvimento colateral e Rentrop 2-3, composto por pacientes com bom desenvolvimento colateral. Além da idade, sexo, características demográficas e exames laboratoriais de rotina dos pacientes, foram medidos os níveis de elabela. Resultados: As características demográficas e os valores laboratoriais mostraram-se semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Ao passo que o nível médio de NT-proBNP e troponina estava maior no grupo OTC, o nível médio de elabela estava menor (p<0,05 para todos). Na análise de regressão multivariada, os níveis de NT-proBNP e elabela foram considerados preditores independentes para OTC. Além disso, o nível de elabela apresentou-se estatisticamente maior em pacientes do grupo Rentrop 2-3 em comparação com os pacientes do grupo Rentrop 0-1 (p<0,05). Conclusões: Em nosso estudo, mostramos que o nível médio de elabela estava baixo em pacientes com OTC em comparação com pacientes normais. Além disso, constatamos que o nível de elabela é inferior em pacientes com desenvolvimento colateral fraco em comparação com pacientes com bom desenvolvimento colateral. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background: The beneficial effects of Elabela on the cardiovascular system have been shown in studies. Objective: To compare serum Elabela levels of chronic total occlusion (CTO) patients with control patients with normal coronary arteries, and to investigate whether there is a correlation with collateral development. Methods: The study was planned cross-sectionally and prospectively. Fifty patients (28.0% female, mean age 61.6±7.3years) with CTO in at least one coronary vessel and 50 patients (38% female, mean age 60,7±6.38 years) with normal coronary arteries were included in the study. Patients in the CTO group were divided into two groups as Rentrop 0-1, those with weak collateral development, and Rentrop 2-3 with good collateral development. In addition to the age, sex, demographic characteristics and routine laboratory tests of the patients, Elabela levels were measured. Results: Demographic characteristics and laboratory values were similar in both groups. While the mean NT-proBNP and troponin were higher in the CTO group, the Elabela mean was lower (p <0.05 for all). In the multivariate regression analysis, NT-proBNP and Elabela levels were found to be independent predictors for CTO. Also, Elabela level was found to be statistically higher in Rentrop class 2-3 patients compared to Rentrop class 0-1 patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: In our study, we showed that the average Elabela level was low in CTO patients compared to normal patients. In addition, we found the level of Elabela to be lower in patients with weak collateral development compared to patients with good collateral development. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Infarto De Miocardio Sin Lesiones Coronarias. Subanálisis Del Registro CONAREC XVII / Myocardial infarction without coronary arteries lesions. Insights from the CONAREC XVII Registry

Los síndromes coronarios agudos sin lesiones coronarias han cobrado relevancia en los últimos años, pero aún no se dispone de datos locales. Analizamos un registro de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio, en 45 centros del país con residencias de cardiología. Se analizaron 1182 participantes de los cuales 33 (2.8%) no presentaron lesiones coronarias en angiografía, mientras que 89.5% tenían lesiones graves y 7.7% lesiones intermedias. La edad promedio de los pacientes sin lesiones coronarias fue 64.5 ± 13.0 años, 69.7% eran varones, sin diferencias respecto a aquellos con enfermedad epicárdica. La presentación electrocardiográfica más frecuente fue la desviación del segmento ST (13 supradesnivel y 10 infradesnivel del segmento). Además, este subgrupo presentó biomarcadores más bajos (CPK pico 203.5 UI/l, rango [RIC] 102- 422.5 vs. 895.5 UI/l RIC 350-1891, p < 0.0001). La mediana de días de internación fue 4.0 (RIC 3-5.5), siendo menor que la del grupo con enfermedad coronaria intermedia y grave (5.5 días, RIC 4-7, y 6 RIC 4-7, p = 0.003). Al alta, aquellos sin lesiones coronarias recibieron menor prescripción de IECA/ARA II (54.6% vs. 78.0% y 79.7%, p = 0.002) y estatinas (78.8% vs. 87.9% y 91.9%, p = 0.017). Ninguno de este subgrupo falleció durante la inter nación. Nuestros datos sugieren que los infartos sin lesiones coronarias significativas son frecuentes en nuestro medio, aunque probablemente se encuentren subdiagnosticados. Si bien su pronóstico parece más favorable, resulta importante señalar que recibieron menos fármacos para prevenir su recurrencia. Nuevos estudios son necesarios para profundizar el conocimiento de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Acute coronary syndromes without coronary lesions have gained relevance in recent years. However, local data on this condition is scarce. We aimed to explore this entity in a National registry of acute myocardial infarction that was carried out prospectively in hospitals with cardiology residence programs from Ar gentina. We included 1182 patients from 45 centers, where 33 did not present coronary lesions on angiography. The mean age was 64.5 ±13.0 and 69.7% were male, without differences compared to participants with epicardial disease. The most common electrocardiographic presentation was ST segment deviation. In addition, presented lower biomarkers (peak CPK 203.5 IU / l, range [IQR] 102-422.5 vs. 895.5 IU / l IQR 350-1891, p < 0.0001). The median hospitalization was 4.0 days (IQR 3-5.5), lower than the group with intermediate and severe coronary disease (5.5 days, RIC 4-7, and 6, RIC 4-7, p = 0.003). At discharge, less use of ACE/ARB (54.6% vs.78.0% y 79.7%, p = 0.002) and statins (78.8% vs. 87.9% y 91.9%, p = 0.017). No deaths during hospitalization were reported. Our data suggested that infarcts without significant coronary lesions are frequent, although they are probably underdiagnosed. Their prognosis seems to be more favorable, but they receive fewer drugs to prevent recurrence. New studies are necessary to deepen the knowledge of the disease.

O Escore Gensini e a Carga Trombótica Adicionam Valor Preditivo ao Escore SYNTAX na Detecção de No-Reflow após Infarto do Miocárdio / Gensini Score and Thrombus Burden Add Predictive Value to the SYNTAX Score in Detecting No-Reflow after Myocardial Infarction

Resumo Fundamento O fenômeno de no-reflow após a intervenção coronária percutânea está associado a um pior prognóstico em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). O escore SYNTAX é um bom preditor de no-reflow. Objetivo Nosso objetivo foi avaliar se a carga aterosclerótica (escore Gensini) e a carga trombótica na artéria coronária culpada melhorariam a capacidade do escore SYNTAX para detectar o no-reflow. Métodos Neste estudo coorte prospectivo, foram estudados pacientes com IAMCSST consecutivos que se apresentaram dentro de 12 horas a partir do início dos sintomas. O no-reflow foi definido como fluxo TIMI < 3 ou fluxo TIMI =3 mas grau de blush miocárdico (myocardial blush grade) < 2. A carga trombótica foi quantificada de acordo com o grau TIMI de trombo (0 a 5). Resultados Foram incluídos 481 pacientes no estudo, com idade média de 61±11 anos. O fenômeno de no-reflow ocorreu em 32,8% dos pacientes. O escore SYNTAX (OR=1,05, IC95% 1,01-1,08, p<0,01), a carga trombótica (OR=1,17, IC95% 1,06-1,31, p<0,01), e o escore Gensini (OR=1,37, IC95% 1,13-1,65, p<0,01) foram preditores independentes do no-reflow. Os escores combinados apresentaram uma maior área sob a curva quando comparados ao escore SYNTAX isolado (0,78 [0,73-0,82] vs 0,73 [0,68-0,78], p=0,03). A análise da melhora da reclassificação líquida (NRI) categórica (0,11 [0,01-0,22], p=0,02) e contínua (NRI>0) (0,54 [0,035-0,73], p<0.001) mostrou melhora na capacidade preditiva do no-reflow no modelo combinado, com melhora da discriminação integrada (IDI) de 0,07 (0,04-0,09, p<0,001). Conclusões Nossos achados sugerem que, em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea, a carga aterosclerótica e a carga trombótica na artéria culpada adicionam valor preditivo ao escore SYNTAX na detecção do fenômeno no-reflow. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background No-reflow after percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with poor prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). SYNTAX score is a good predictor of no-reflow. Objective We aimed to evaluate whether atherosclerotic burden (Gensini score) and thrombus burden in the culprit coronary artery would improve the ability of the SYNTAX score to detect no-reflow. Methods In this prospective cohort study, consecutive patients with STEMI who presented within 12 h of onset of symptoms were selected for this study. No-reflow was defined as TIMI flow < 3 o r TIMI flow = 3 but myocardial blush grade <2. Thrombus burden was quantified according to the TIMI thrombus grade scale (0 to 5). Results A total of 481 patients were included (mean age 61±11 years). No-reflow occurred in 32.8%. SYNTAX score (OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.01-1.08, p<0.01), thrombus burden (OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.06-1.31, p<0.01), and Gensini score (OR=1.37, 95%CI 1.13-1.65, p<0.01) were independent predictors of no-reflow. Combined scores had a larger area under the curve than the SYNTAX score alone (0.78 [0.73-0.82] vs 0.73 [0.68-0.78], p=0.03). Analyses of both categorical (0.11 [0.01-0.22], p=0.02), and continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI>0) (0.54 [0.035-0.73], p<0.001) showed improvement in the predictive ability of no-reflow in the combined model, with integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) of 0.07 (0.04-0.09, p<0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggest that, in patients with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, atherosclerotic burden and thrombus burden in the culprit artery add predictive value to the SYNTAX score in detecting the no-reflow phenomenon. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Desfechos em Pacientes com Fenômeno de No-Reflow Coronário e a Relação entre a Molécula-1 de Lesão Renal e o Fenômeno de No-Reflow Coronário / Outcomes in Coronary No-Reflow Phenomenon Patients and the Relationship between Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Coronary No-Reflow Phenomenon

Resumo Fundamento O fenômeno de no-reflow coronário (CNP, do inglês Coronary no-reflow phenomenon) está associado a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM). Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre os níveis séricos da Molécula-1 de lesão renal (KIM-1) e o CNP em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Métodos Este estudo incluiu um total de 160 pacientes (113 homens e 47 mulheres; média de idade: 61,65 ± 12,14 anos) com diagnóstico de IAMCSST. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, o grupo reflow (GR) (n = 140) e o grupo no-reflow (GNR) (n = 20). Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante um ano. Um valor de p<0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados O CNP foi observado em 12,50% dos pacientes. O nível de KIM-1 sérico foi significativamente maior no GNR do que no GR (20,26 ± 7,32 vs. 13,45 ± 6,40, p<0,001). O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi significativamente maior no GNR do que no GR (29,41 (28,48-31,23) vs. 27,56 (25,44-31,03), p=0,047). A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi significativamente menor no GNR do que no GR (61,6 ± 8,04 vs. 80,37 ± 14,61, p<0,001). O escore do European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II) foi significativamente maior no GNR do que no GR (3,06 ± 2,22 vs. 2,36 ± 2,85, p=0,016). A incidência de AVC foi significativamente maior no GNR do que no GR (15% vs. 2,90%, p=0,013). O nível basal de KIM-1 (OR = 1,19, IC 95%: 1,07-1,34, p=0,002) e HR (OR = 0,784, IC 95%: 0,69-0,88, p<0,001) foram os preditores independentes de CNP. Conclusão Em conclusão, os níveis séricos basais de KIM-1 e a FC mais baixa estão independentemente associados com CNP em pacientes com IAMCSST, e o acidente vascular cerebral foi significativamente maior no GNR em um ano de seguimento. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):238-247)

Abstract Background Coronary no-reflow phenomenon (CNP) is associated with an increased risk of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE). Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels and CNP in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods This study included a total of 160 patients (113 males and 47 females; mean age: 61.65±12.14 years) who were diagnosed with STEMI. The patients were divided into two groups, the reflow group (RG) (n=140) and the no-reflow group (NRG) (n=20). Patients were followed during one year. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results CNP was observed in 12.50% of the patients. Serum KIM-1 was significantly higher in the NRG than in the RG (20.26±7,32 vs. 13.45±6.40, p<0.001). Body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the NRG than in the RG (29.41 (28.48-31.23) vs. 27.56 (25.44-31.03), p=0.047). Heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in the NRG than in the RG (61.6±8.04 vs. 80.37±14.61, p<0.001). The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II) was significantly higher in the NRG than in the RG (3.06±2.22 vs. 2.36±2.85, p=0.016). The incidence of stroke was significantly higher in the NRG than in the RG (15% vs. 2.90%, p=0.013). The baseline KIM-1 level (OR=1.19, 95% CI:1.07 to 1.34, p=0.002) and HR (OR=0.784, 95% CI:0.69 to 0.88, p<0.001) were the independent predictors of CNP. Conclusion In conclusion, baseline serum KIM-1 concentrations and lower HR are independently associated with CNP in STEMI patients and the incidence of stroke was significantly higher in the NRG in the one-year follow-up. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):238-247)

The Role of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Risk Scoring Systems in Predicting Coronary Atherosclerosis

Abstract Background Comparative data on the performance of cardiovascular risk scoring systems (CRSSs) in patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) are lacking. Objectives To compare different CRSSs regarding their ability to discriminate patients with severe CAD. Method A total of 414 patients (297 men; 61.3±12.3 years of age) undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled and evaluated for major risk factors. Cardiovascular risk and risk category were defined for each patient using the Framingham, Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment Equation (PCRAE) tools. Severe CAD was defined as ≥ 50% stenosis in at least one major coronary artery and/or previous coronary stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Severe CAD was identified in 271 (65.4%) patients. The ROC curves of the 3 CRSSs for predicting severe CAD were compared and showed no significant difference: the area under the ROC curve was 0.727, 0.694, and 0.717 for the Framingham, SCORE, and PCRAE tools, respectively (p > 0.05). However, when individual patients were classified as having low, intermediate, or high cardiovascular risk, the rate of patients in the high-risk group was significantly different between the PCRAE, Framingham, and SCORE tools (73.4%, 27.5%, and 37.9%, respectively; p < 0.001). Discussion PCRAE had higher positive and negative predictive values for detecting severe CAD in high-risk patients than the Framingham and SCORE tools. Conclusion We can speculate that currently used CRSSs are not sufficient, and new scoring systems are needed. In addition, other risk factors, such as serum creatinine, should be considered in future CRSSs. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Effect of calcium dobesilate in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the protective effect of calcium dobesilate against contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: A total of 130 patients with diabetes and CKD estimated glomerular filtration rate: 30-90 mL/min/1.73m2 were enrolled and included in the analysis. They were divided into experimental (n=65) and control groups (n=65). Patients in the experimental group were administered oral calcium dobesilate (500 mg) three times daily for 2 days before and 3 days after the procedure. The serum creatinine (SCr), cystatin C (Cys C), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were measured before and after the procedure. RESULTS: The mean SCr level at 24h after the procedure was found to be significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (79.1±19.6 μmol/L vs. 87.0±19.3 μmol/L, p=0.023). However, the Cys C and NGAL levels were not significantly different between the two groups at all measurement time points (all p>0.05). The incidence of CIN defined by the SCr level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (3 [4.6%] vs. 13 [20.0%], p=0.017). However, the incidence of CIN defined by the Cys C level was not statistically different between the two groups (7 [10.8%] vs. 7 [10.8%], p=1.000). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that calcium dobesilate has no preventive effect against CIN in patients with diabetes and CKD.

Efficacy of short-term moderate or high-dose statin therapy for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients with chronic kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis

Although previous studies have indicated that statin therapy can effectively prevent the development of CIN, this observation remains controversial, especially in high-risk patients. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of statin pretreatment for preventing the development of CIN in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to determine its effectiveness in various subgroups. We searched the online databases PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. RCTs that involved the comparison of the short-term moderate or high-dose statin pretreatment with placebo for CIN prevention in CKD patients undergoing angiography were included. The primary outcome was CIN prevalence. Seven RCTs comprising 4256 participants were investigated in this analysis. The risk of developing CIN in patients pretreated with statins was significantly lower than that in patients pretreated with placebo (RR=0.57, 95%CI=0.43-0.76, p=0.000). The SCr values of the statin group, when analyzed 48h after angiography were lower than those of the placebo group ((SMD=-0.15, 95% CI=-0.27 to -0.04, p=0.011). In the subgroup analysis, statin pretreatment could decrease the risk of CIN in CKD patients with DM (RR=0.54, 95% CI=0.39-0.76, p=0.000), but not in CKD patients without DM (RR=0.84, 95% CI=0.44-1.60, p=0.606). The efficacy of atorvastatin for preventing CIN was consistent with that observed with the use of rosuvastatin. The risk ratios (RR) were 0.51 (95% CI=0.32-0.81, p=0.004) and 0.60 (95% CI=0.41-0.88, p=0.009), respectively. Our study demonstrated that statin pretreatment could prevent the development of CIN in CKD patients. However, subgroup analysis demonstrated that statin pretreatment, despite being effective in preventing CIN in patients with CKD and DM, was not helpful for CKD patients without DM. Rosuvastatin and atorvastatin exhibited similar preventive effects with respect to CIN.

Menor Prevalência e Extensão da Aterosclerose Coronária na Doença de Chagas Crônica por Angiotomografia Coronária / Lower Prevalence and Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Chronic Chagas' Disease by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography

Resumo Fundamento Em regiões endêmicas da doença de Chagas, por muitos anos, existe uma observação empírica recorrente de que a doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é incomum em pacientes com doença de Chagas. Estudos anteriores baseados em análise patológica ou angiografia coronária invasiva apresentam resultados controversos. Objetivo Investigar se a DAC é menos prevalente e menos grave em pacientes com doença de Chagas crônica em comparação a uma população pareada controle, com perfil de risco para DAC similar. Métodos Um total de 86 participantes, 43 pacientes com doença de Chagas crônica consecutivos e 43 indivíduos assintomáticos, sem qualquer história prévia de doença cardíaca ou doença DAC conhecida (grupo controle), foram incluídos no estudo. Pacientes e controles foram pareados quanto sexo, idade e escore de risco de Framingham. Todos os pacientes foram analisados quanto ao escore de cálcio coronário (ECC) e submetidos à angiotomografia coronária usando um tomógrafo de 320 detectores. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p < 0,05. Resultados O ECC foi significativamente mais baixo em pacientes com doença de Chagas em comparação aos controles (p<0,05). A presença de placas ateroscleróticas coronárias foi significativamente menos frequente em pacientes com doença de Chagas que nos controles (20,9% versus 41,9%, p=0,037). Após ajuste quanto ao escore de Framingham, o odds ratio para a presença de qualquer calcificação coronária foi de 0,26 (IC95%: 0,07-0,99, p=0,048). O padrão é similar para escore de cálcio coronário (ECC) > 10 (OR: 0,11, IC95%: 0,01-0,87, p=0,04), e para a presença de estenose (OR: 0,06, IC95%: 0,01-0,47, p=0,001). O pareamento por escore de propensão também mostrou um efeito da doença de Chagas no ECC (-21,6 pontos no escore absoluto e 25% menos pacientes com ECC > 10; p=0,015). Conclusões A prevalência e a gravidade da DAC são mais baixas nos pacientes com doença de Chagas crônica em comparação a uma população pareada e perfil de risco para DAC similar. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1051-1060)

Abstract Background In Chagas' disease endemic regions, there has been for many years a recurrent empirical observation that coronary artery disease (CAD) is uncommon in patients with Chagas' disease. Previous pathological and invasive coronary angiography studies led to controversial results. Objective We sought to investigate whether CAD is less prevalent and less severe in patients with chronic Chagas' disease when compared with a matched population with a similar CAD risk profile. Methods A total of 86 participants, 43 consecutive patients with chronic Chagas' disease and 43 asymptomatic individuals, without any prior history of cardiac disease or known CAD (control group), were included. Patients and controls were matched according to gender, age, and Framingham risk score. All participants underwent coronary calcium scoring and coronary computed tomography angiography on a 320-row detector scanner. Statistical significance level adopted was p < 0.05. Results The coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was significantly lower in patients with Chagas' disease than in controls (p<0.05). The presence of coronary atherosclerotic plaques was significantly less frequent in patients with Chagas' disease than in controls (20.9% versus 41.9%, p=0.037). After adjustment for the Framingham score, the odds ratio for the presence of any coronary artery calcium (CAC) in Chagas patients was 0.26 (95%CI: 0.07-0.99, p=0.048). The pattern is similar for CACS > 10 (OR: 0.11, 95%CI: 0.01-0.87, p=0.04) and for the presence of any stenosis (OR: 0.06, 95%CI: 0.01-0.47, p=0.001). Propensity score matching also indicated an effect of Chagas disease on the CACS (-21.6 points in the absolute score and 25% less of patients with CACS >10, p=0.015). Conclusions CAD is less prevalent and less severe in patients with chronic Chagas' disease when compared with a matched population with a similar CAD risk profile. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1051-1060)

Escore de Cálcio Coronário e Estratificação do Risco de Doença Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encefálico Isquêmico Aterosclerótico e não-Aterosclerótico / Coronary Calcium Score and Stratification of Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Patients with Atherosclerotic and Non-Atherosclerotic Ischemic Stroke

Resumo Fundamento O acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (AVEi) e a doença arterial coronariana (DAC) coexistem frequentemente e compartilham fatores de risco para doença aterosclerótica. Segundo a American Heart Association , os subtipos de AVEi podem ser considerados equivalentes de risco para DAC, mas a evidência para o AVEi não-aterosclerótico não está bem definida. Além disso, o escore de cálcio coronário (CAC) é um marcador preciso para estimar o risco de DAC. Entretanto, a distribuição do CAC pelos subtipos de AVEi ainda não foi bem caracterizada. Objetivos Comparar o CAC entre os grupos de AVEi ateroscleróticos e não ateroscleróticos, e determinar quais covariáveis estão associadas a CAC alto no AVEi Métodos Em um estudo transversal, incluímos todos os pacientes com AVEi, com idades entre 45 a 70 anos no momento do acidente vascular, consecutivamente admitidos em um hospital de reabilitação entre agosto de 2014 e dezembro de 2016, sem DAC prevalente. Todos os pacientes passaram por tomografia computadorizada (TC), para medir o CAC. CAC≥100 foi considerado alto risco de DAC. O nível de significância foi p<0,05. Resultados Dos 244 pacientes estudados (média de idade de 58,4±6,8 anos; 49% do sexo feminino), 164 (67%) apresentavam etiologia não-aterosclerótica. As proporções de CAC≥100 foram semelhantes entre os grupos ateroscleróticos e não-ateroscleróticos (33% [n=26] x 29% [n=47]; p= 0,54). Entre todos os pacientes com AVEi, apenas os de idade ≥60 anos foram associados independentemente a CAC≥100 (RC 3,5; 95% IC 1,7-7,1), ajustado para hipertensão, dislipidemia, diabetes, sedentarismo, e histórico familiar de DAC. Conclusão O AVEi aterosclerótico não apresentou risco maior de DAC quando comparado ao AVEi não-aterosclerótico de acordo com o CAC. Apenas a faixa etária ≥60 anos - mas não a etiologia - foi associada independentemente a CAC≥100. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1144-1151)

Abstract Background Ischemic Stroke (IS) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) frequently coexist and share atherosclerotic disease risk factors. According to the American Heart Association, IS subtypes may be considered CAD risk equivalents, but the evidence for non-atherosclerotic IS is uncertain. Additionally, the Coronary Calcium Score (CCS) is an accurate marker to address CAD risk; however, CCS distribution between IS subtypes is not well characterized. Objectives To compare the CCS between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic IS groups; and to determine which covariates were associated with high CCS in IS. Methods This cross-sectional design included all patients with IS, 45 to 70 years of age at the time of the stroke, consecutively admitted to a rehabilitation hospital between August 2014 and December 2016, without prevalent CAD. All patients underwent CT scanning for CCS measurement. CCS≥100 was considered a high risk for CAD, with a significance level of p<0.05. Results From the 244 studied patients (mean age 58.4±6.8 years; 49% female), 164 (67%) had non-atherosclerotic etiology. The proportions of CCS≥100 were similar between the atherosclerotic and the non-atherosclerotic groups (33% [n=26] x 29% [n=47]; p= 0.54). Among all IS patients, only age ≥60 years was independently associated with CCS≥100 (OR 3.5; 95%CI 1.7-7.1), accounting for hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, sedentarism, and family history of CAD. Conclusion Atherosclerotic IS did not present a greater risk of CAD when compared to non-atherosclerotic IS according to CCS. Only age ≥60 years, but not etiology, was independently associated with CCS≥100.

Estudio de la deformación miocárdica longitudinal en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica / Study of longitudinal myocardial deformation in patients with ischemic cardiopathy

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte en Cuba y la mayoría de los países desarrollados. La ecocardiografía con speckle tracking bidimensional (ST 2D) es una técnica reciente en la evaluación de la función cardíaca. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la deformación miocárdica medida por ST 2D y el estado de la circulación coronaria en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, en el CIMEQ, durante un año. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal con 55 pacientes con indicación de coronariografía sometidos a ecocardiograma bidimensional y estudio de ST 2D con medición de la deformación longitudinal (DLG). Se crearon dos grupos: enfermedad coronaria significativa (ECS = 32) y no significativa (ECNS = 23). Se utilizó SSPS para análisis de los resultados. Resultados: La edad promedio fue mayor en la ECS (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8; p = 0.014). Predominaron los hombres con ECS (47.3%), los hipertensos (ECS = 90.6% y ENCS = 65.2%; p = 0.02) y los fumadores (ECS = 59.4% y ENCS = 17.4%; p = 0.002). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la angina crónica estable (87%). En la ECS predominó la enfermedad de tres vasos (75%). La DLG fue menor en la ECS [(-20.0 ± 3.2 vs. -22.1 ± 3.6; p = 0.035); AUC = 0.458]. No hubo diferencias en la DLG según el número de vasos significativamente afectados. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados no justifican el empleo del ST 2D para diferenciar la ECS.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Cuba and most of the developed countries. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D ST) is a recent technique in the evaluation of cardiac function. Objectives: To determine the relationship between myocardial deformation measured by 2D ST and coronary circulation in patients with ischemic heart disease, in the CIMEQ, for 1 year. Material and method: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out with 55 patients with an indication for coronary angiography who underwent 2D echocardiography and 2D ST study with longitudinal strain measurement (LSM). Two groups significant coronary disease (SCD = 32) and not significant (NSCD = 23) were created. SSPS was used to analyze the results. Results: The average age was higher in SCD (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8, p = 0.014). Men with SCD (47.3%), hypertensive (SCD = 90.6% and NSCD = 65.2%, p = 0.02) and smokers (SCD = 59.4% and NSCD = 17.4%, p = 0.002) predominated. The most frequent diagnosis was chronic stable angina (87%). Three-vessel disease (75%) prevailed in SCD. The LMS was lower in SCD ([−20.0 ± 3.2 vs. −22.1 ± 3.6, p = 0.035]; AUC = 0.458). There were no differences in LSM according to the number of significantly diseased vessels. Conclusions: The results found do not justify the use of 2D ST to discriminate SCD.

Papel da Interleucina 18 e da Proteína Precursora do Trombo na Doença Arterial Coronariana / Role of Interleukin-18 and the Thrombus Precursor Protein in Coronary Artery Disease

Resumo Fundamento A insuficiência coronariana constitui a principal causa de morte no mundo, e a identificação de pacientes de maior risco para doença arterial coronariana (DAC) constitui um desafio. Objetivos Testar os biomarcadores interleucina 18 (IL-18) e proteína precursora do trombo (TpP), envolvidos na aterogênese, para auxílio na avaliação precoce de DAC. Métodos Coorte transversal de 119 pacientes, estratificados em três grupos: Grupo I - síndrome coronariana aguda (39); Grupo II - DAC crônica (40); e Grupo III - controle, sem lesão coronariana, mas podendo apresentar fatores de risco para DAC (40). Análise estatística através do programa estatístico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) para Windows versão 17.0 de 2008. Fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% (p<0,05) nível de significância e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Teste do qui-quadrado (χ2). Análise de variância (ANOVA), Teste de Tukey. Resultados Idade média, 60,36±9,64 anos; prevalência do sexo feminino no Grupo III (65,0% p=0,002), porém sem significado estatístico para os valores médios de IL-18 e TpP. Os valores médios de IL-18 e TpP mostravam-se aumentados no Grupo I, quando comparados aos valores dos demais grupos: IL-18 = 1325,44±1860,13 ng/dL, p=0,002; TpP = 35,86±28,36 µg/mL, p<0,001. Na comparação dois a dois, observou-se que o Grupo I apresentou valor médio de IL-18 e TpP maior que o do Grupo II (IL-18 = 353,81±273,65 ng/dL; TpP = 25,66±12,17 µg/mL) e o do Grupo III (IL-18 = 633,25±993,93 ng/dL; TpP=18,00±8,45 µg/mL). Conclusão Na vigência de DAC aguda, houve elevação desses biomarcadores, sugerindo relação com o processo de instabilidade da placa aterosclerótica, mas não com a fase crônica. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):692-698)

Abstract Background Coronary failure is the leading cause of death worldwide and identifying patients at higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) is a challenge. Objectives To test the biomarkers interleukin 18 (IL-18) and thrombus precursor protein (TpP), involved in atherogenesis, to aid in the early assessment of CAD. Methods This was a cross-sectional cohort of 119 patients, stratified into three groups: Group I - acute coronary syndrome (39); Group II - chronic CAD (40) and Group III - control, without coronary lesion, but who might have risk factors for CAD (40). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows ,version 17.0 of 2008. The significance level was set at 0.05 or 5% (p <0.05), with a 95% confidence interval. Chi-square test (χ2), Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's test were used. Results The mean age was 60.36 ± 9.64 years; there was a prevalence of females in Group III (65.0% p = 0.002), but without statistical significance for the means of IL-18 and TpP. The means of IL-18 and TpP were increased in Group I when compared to the other groups; IL-18 = 1325.44 ± 1860.13 ng/dL, p = 0.002; TpP = 35.86 ± 28.36 µg / mL, p <0.001). When compared two-by-two, it was observed that Group I had higher mean IL-18 and TpP values than Group II (IL-18 = 353.81 ± 273.65 ng / dL; TpP = 25.66 ± 12, 17 µg / mL) and Group III (IL-18 = 633.25 ± 993.93 ng / dL; TpP = 18.00 ± 8.45 µg / mL). Conclusion There was an increase in these biomarkers in acute CAD, suggesting a relationship with the atherosclerotic plaque instability process, but not with the chronic phase. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(4):692-698)

Magnesium versus poly-L-lactic acid bioresorbable scaffolds: in vivo optical coherence tomography comparison of mechanical performance / Andamiajes bioresorbibles de magnesio versus poliméricos: comparación in vivo de su comportamiento mecánico por OCT

Abstract Background: Different mechanical properties have been suggested for metallic bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) in comparison to polymeric BVS. We aim to evaluate the acute mechanical performance of Magmaris® scaffold in comparison to Absorb®. Materials and Methods: Two groups of 10 coronary lesions treated with Magmaris® and Absorb® 1.1 (20584 vs. 21016 struts) were compared. In all cases, optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images were acquired after scaffold deployment. Baseline clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics were compared, including OCT evaluations. Results: No baseline clinical or angiographic significant differences were found between groups. The most common indication for revascularization was effort angina (60% vs. 70% p = 0.45) with no ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) cases. Main target artery was left anterior descending, with a mean vessel diameter of 3.46 ± 0.23 in Absorb® and 3.52 ± 0.19mm in Magmaris® groups (p = 0.56). All cases underwent pre- and post-dilatation with a procedural success rate of 100%. OCT analyses showed larger scaffold and vessel diameters in Magmaris® group: 3.11 ± 0.38 mm versus 3.07 ± 0.36 mm, p = 0.03 and 4.12 ± 0.51 mm versus 4.04 ± 0.46 mm, p = 0.04. Despite the application of slightly higher postdilatation pressures to Magmaris® devices (18.01 ± 2.15 vs. 17.20 ± 3.80 atm, p = 0.05), significantly lower percentages of disrupted and malapposed struts were identified within Magmaris® scaffolds (0.15% vs. 0.27%, p = 0.03 and 1.06% vs. 1.46% p = 0.01). No cardiac death, target vessel-related MI, or clinically driven target lesion revascularization was reported in a 30-day follow-up. Conclusion: Mechanical properties of Magmaris® scaffold allow achieving larger vessel and scaffold diameters in a safe manner, with lower rates of malapposition and scaffold disruption.

Resumen Introducción: Se ha sugerido la presencia de un distinto comportamiento mecánico entre los dos grupos principales de dispositivos bioresorbibles: metálicos y poliméricos. En este estudio evaluamos el comportamiento mecánico agudo del andamiaje bioresorbible metálico Magmaris® frente al del polimérico Absorb®. Métodos: Se compararon dos grupos de 10 lesiones coronarias tratadas con Magmaris® y Absorb® 1.1 (20584 vs. 21016 struts). En todos los casos se realizó estudio postimplante del dispositivo mediante tomografia de coherencia óptica (OCT). Se compararon las características basales clínicas y angiográficas, así como aspectos del procedimiento (incluídos los estudios de OCT) entre ambos grupos. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias clínicas o angiográficas estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos. La indicación más frecuente de revascularización coronaria fué la presencia de angina de esfuerzo (60% vs. 70% p = 0.45), sin incluirse casos de IAMCEST. La arteria descendente anterior fué el principal vaso diana, con un diámetro medio de 3.46 ± 0.23 mm en el grupo de Absorb® y de 3.52 ± 0.19mm en el grupo de Magmaris® (p = 0.56). En todos los casos se realizó pre y postdilatación, con una tasa de éxito del procedimiento del 100%. Los estudios mediante OCT demostraron un mayor diámetro de stent y del vaso en el grupo de Magmaris®: 3.11 ± 0.38mm versus 3.07 ± 0.36 mm, p = 0.03 y 4.12 ± 0.51mm versus 4.04 ± 0.46mm, p = 0.04. A pesar de someter a los dispositivos Magmaris® a presiones de postdilatación ligeramente superiores (18.01 ± 2.15 vs. 17.20 ± 3.80 atm, p = 0.05), se identificó un menor porcentaje estadísticamente significativo de struts rotos o malapuestos en dicho grupo (0.15% vs. 0.27 %, p = 0.03 y 1.06 % vs. 1.46% p = 0.01). En un seguimiento a 30 días no se registraron eventos mayores: muerte cardíaca, IM relacionado con vaso diana o TLR. Conclusión: Las propiedades mecánicas del scaffold metálico bioresorbible Magmaris® permiten alcanzar mayores diámetros de stent y vaso de forma segura tras su implante, con una baja tasa de malaposición y disrupción.

Fístula coronaria a ventrículo derecho en paciente con ateroesclerosis sistémica / Coronary artery fistula to the right ventricle in a patient with systemic atherosclerosis

RESUMEN La ateroesclerosis es una enfermedad sistémica que afecta múltiples lechos vasculares. Después de períodos prolongados de progresión comienzan las manifestaciones clínicas, de forma aguda o crónica (infarto agudo de miocardio, angina estable, claudicación intermitente, enfermedad cerebrovascular, entre otras); por lo que puede cursar de manera subclínica en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria. Lo interesante de esta forma de presentación es que dentro de una serie de casos con enfermedad multivaso, asociado a un índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) < 0,9, después de un síndrome coronario agudo, hemos encontrado, como hallazgo angiográfico, la presencia de una fístula coronaria a ventrículo derecho en un paciente con ITB muy bajo y clínica de claudicación intermitente. Esta fístula es la causa de los síntomas que interrumpieron la rehabilitación cardiovascular; es una enfermedad poco frecuente y causa de dolor torácico, que se informa solo de 0,3 a 0,8%, como hallazgo incidental en angiografías coronarias.

ABSTRACT Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that affects a number of vascular beds. Clinical manifestations whether acute or chronic (acute myocardial infarction, stable angina, intermittent claudication, cerebrovascular disease, among others) start after long periods of progression; so it may present subclinically in patients with coronary artery disease. What is particularly interesting about this form of presentation is that within a series of cases with multivessel disease, associated with an ankle-brachial index (ABI)<0.9, after an acute coronary syndrome, we have identified, as an angiographic finding, the presence of a coronary artery fistula to the right ventricle in a patient with very low ABI and clinical intermittent claudication. This fistula led to the symptoms that hampered cardiovascular rehabilitation. It is an infrequent disease characterized by chest pain; with low reporting (0.3 to 0.8%), as an incidental finding in coronary angiographies.

Association between Hemogram Parameters and Coronary Collateral Development in Subjects with Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Coronary collateral development (CCD) predicts the severity of coronary heart disease. Hemogram parameters, such as mean platelet volume (MPV), eosinophil, red cell distribution width, and platelet distribution width (PDW), are supposed novel inflammatory markers. We aimed to compare hemogram parameter values in patients presenting with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) with adequate or inadequate CCD. METHODS A total of 177 patients with NSTEMI undergoing coronary arteriography were enrolled and divided into two groups based on the development of CCD: one group with adequate CCD (n=88) and the other with impaired CCD (n=89). RESULTS Baseline demographics and clinical risk factors were similar between the groups. Hemogram parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. However, compared to the inadequate CCD group, the median PDW was significantly higher in the adequate CCD group, 17.6 (1.4) vs. 17.8 (1.6) p=0.004. In a multivariate analysis, PDW (p=0.001, 95% CI for OR: 0.489(0,319-0,750) was found to be significantly different in the adequate CCD group compared to the inadequate CCD group. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that PDW was significantly correlated with the Rentrop score (r=0.26, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that since PDW is an index that is inexpensive and easy to assess, it could serve as a marker of CCD in patients with NSTEMI.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O desenvolvimento colateral coronariano (CCD) prediz a gravidade da doença coronariana. Parâmetros de hemograma como volume plaquetário médio (VPM), eosinófilo, largura de distribuição de glóbulos vermelhos e largura de distribuição de plaquetas (PDW) são supostos novos marcadores inflamatórios. Nosso objetivo foi comparar os valores do parâmetro hemograma em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) com DCC adequado ou inadequado. MÉTODOS Um total de 177 pacientes com NSTEMI submetidos à arteriografia coronariana foram incluídos e divididos, com base no desenvolvimento de CCD, em dois grupos: grupo com CCD adequado (n = 88) e grupo com CCD alterado (n = 89). RESULTADOS Os dados demográficos e os fatores de risco clínicos basais foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os parâmetros do hemograma não foram significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos. Mas, em comparação com a mediana inadequada do grupo CCD, o PDW foi significativamente maior em CCD adequado de 17,6 (1,4) vs. 17,8 (1,6) p = 0,004. Na análise multivariada, PDW (p = 0,001, IC 95% para OR: 0,489 (0,319-0,750) foi significativamente diferente no grupo CCD adequado em comparação com o grupo CCD inadequado. A análise de correlação de Pearson revelou que PDW foi significativamente correlacionado com escore de aluguel (r = 0,26, p <0,001). CONCLUSÃO Sugerimos que, uma vez que a PDW é um índice barato e de fácil avaliação, pode servir como um marcador de DCC em pacientes com IAMSSST.

Optical coherence tomography versus intravascular ultrasound in patients with myocardial infarction: a diagnostic performance study of pre-percutaneous coronary interventions

Accurate coronary measurements are important in guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. Intravascular ultrasound is a widely accepted diagnostic modality for coronary measurement before percutaneous coronary intervention. The spatial resolution of optical coherence tomography is 10 times larger than that of intravascular ultrasound. The objective of the study was to compare quantitative and qualitative parameters of frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) with those of intravascular ultrasound and coronary angiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Diagnostic parameters of coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound, and FDOCT of 250 patients with coronary artery disease who required admission diagnosis were included in the analyses. Minimum lumen diameter detected by FDOCT was larger than that detected by quantitative coronary angiography (2.11±0.1 vs 1.89±0.09 mm, P<0.0001, q=34.67) but smaller than that detected by intravascular ultrasound (2.11±0.1 vs 2.19±0.11 mm, P<0.0001, q=12.61). Minimum lumen area detected by FDOCT was smaller than that detected by intravascular ultrasound (3.41±0.01 vs 3.69±0.01 mm2, P<0.0001). FDOCT detected higher numbers of thrombus, tissue protrusion, dissection, and incomplete stent apposition than those detected by intravascular ultrasound (P<0.0001 for all). More accurate and sensitive results of the coronary lumen can be detected by FDOCT than coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound (level of evidence: III).

Risk factors and temporal trends for vascular access-related complications in coronary procedures: evolving from femoral to radial approach / Factores de riesgo y variaciones temporales para complicaciones vasculares asociadas a procedimientos coronarios: evolución de la vía femoral a la radial

Abstract Introduction: Radial access is the gold standard for ST-elevation myocardial infarction; nevertheless, there is scarce information in Mexico. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the differences in radiation exposure, intervention time, fluoroscopy time, complications and temporal trends, and risk factors among radial and femoral access for coronary procedures. Materials and Methods: A total of 493 patients underwent coronary interventions by femoral or radial access. Sociodemographic and procedural data were recorded. A logistic regression model to determine risk factors for complications was performed. Results: The population included 346 men and 147 women, with a median age of 63 years, 159 underwent radial and 334 femoral approaches. Complications occurred in 18 patients (3.6%), 11 in radial and 7 in femoral access, with a higher trend in the first 5 months (n = 14). Vasospasm was the most common (n = 9) complication. Median fluoroscopy time was 12 min for radial and 9 min for femoral groups, with a total radiation dose of 2282 µGm2 and 2848 µGm2, respectively. Temporal trends showed that complications occurred most frequently during the first 6 months of the study. The main predictors for complications were intervention time and one-vessel disease. Conclusions: Radial access had higher frequency of complications than femoral approach and they were more common during the first 6 months. The main risk factor was intervention time longer than 60 min.

Resumen Introducción: El abordaje radial es el de elección para infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, sin embargo se desconoce información en México. Objetivos: Describir las diferencias en exposición a radiación, tiempo de intervención, tiempo de fluoroscopía, complicaciones y sus variaciones temporales, además de los factores de riesgo entre el abordaje radial y el femoral para procedimientos coronarios. Método: Se incluyeron 493 pacientes que fueron sometidos a estudio angiográfico o intervenciones coronarias por abordaje radial o femoral. Se recabaron datos sociodemográficos, antecedentes y variables del procedimiento. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar los factores asociados a complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 346 hombres y 147 mujeres, con mediana de edad de 63 años. A 159 se les realizó acceso radial y a 334 femoral. Las complicaciones ocurrieron en 18 pacientes (3.65%): 11 en radial y 7 en femoral, teniendo mayor incidencia en los primeros 5 meses (n = 14) y siendo el vasoespasmo el más común (n = 9). La mediana de tiempo de fluoroscopía fue de 12 minutos para el radial y de 9 minutos para el femoral, con una dosis total de radiación de 2,282 µGm2 y 2,848 µGm2, respectivamente. Las tendencias temporales indicaron que las complicaciones fueron más frecuentes durante los primeros 6 meses. Los principales predictores fueron el tiempo de intervención y la enfermedad de 1 vaso. Conclusiones: La vía de acceso radial tuvo más complicaciones que la femoral. Se observaron más complicaciones en los primeros 6 meses del estudio. El principal predictor de complicaciones fue el tiempo de intervención mayor a 60 minutos.

Síndromes coronarios agudos en instituciones póblicas y no póblicas de Argentina / Acute coronary syndromes in public and non-public institutions of Argentina

El tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) puede diferir segó;ºn la cobertura de salud. El objetivo fue comparar características demográficas de pacientes con SCA atendidos en instituciones del sector pó;ºblico, o en el no-pó;ºblico de Argentina, las terapó;©uticas y su relació;n con los recursos de cada sector. Analizamos internaciones en instituciones de un registro nacional, voluntario, prospectivo y multicó;©ntrico. Entre marzo 2006 y mayo 2016 ingresaron 11 072 SCA en 64 instituciones, 39% pó;ºblicas (44% con laboratorio de hemodinamia) y 61% no pó;ºblicas (82% con hemodinamia). Los centros pó;ºblicos presentaron menos estructura y atendieron mayor proporció;n de SCA con elevació;n del segmento ST (SCACEST) (52.5% vs. 36.1%, p < 0.001). Los pacientes del sector pó;ºblico fueron más jó;venes, más frecuentemente hombres, fumadores, y menos dislipó;©micos. La proporció;n de reperfundidos entre SCA con elevació;n del ST (SCACEST) fue similar en ambos sectores. La utilizació;n de coronariografía en SCA sin elevació;n del ST (SCASEST) fue mayor en el sector pó;ºblico, cuyos pacientes presentaron más frecuentemente cambios electrocardiográficos y biomarcadores elevados. Un 80.2% de los SCA en instituciones pó;ºblicas y 90.1% en las no pó;ºblicas fueron incorporados por centros con hemodinamia. La disponibilidad de hemodinamia fue la variable más asociada a reperfusió;n entre SCACEST y al tratamiento invasivo entre SCASEST. Se demuestra la complejidad del análisis comparativo de sectores de salud, por la relevancia que adquieren los recursos instalados y las diferencias demográficas de la població;n, por encima de la simple diferencia de pertenecer al sistema pó;ºblico o al no pó;ºblico.

Treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may differ according to the health system coverage. The objective of this study was to evaluate demographic characteristics of patients with ACS assisted in public sector institutions compared to the non-public sector of Argentina, as well as the therapeutic and its relationship with the resources of each sector. We analyzed patients hospitalized in institutions of a national, voluntary, prospective and multicenter registry. Between March 2006 and May 2016, 11 072 ACSs were registered in 64 institutions, 39% public (44% have hemodynamic laboratory) and 61% non-public (82% with hemodynamic). Public centers presented less structure and assisted a higher proportion of ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS). (52.5% vs. 36.1%, p < 0.001). Public sector patients were younger, more frequently men, smokers, and less dyslipemics. The proportion of patients reperfused in the STE-ACS was similar in both sectors. The use of coronary angiography in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) was higher in the public sector, whose patients presented more frequently electrocardiographic changes and biomarker elevation. Considering all ACS, 80.2% of patients in public and 90.1% in non-public institutions were incorporated by haemodynamic centers. The availability of hemodynamics was the variable most associated with reperfusion in NSTE-ACS, and invasive treatment in NSTE-ACS. This research demonstrates the complexity of a comparative analysis of health sectors, due to the relevance acquired by the level of resources installed and the demographic differences of the inpatient population, above the simple difference of belonging to the public or non-public system.